الدولة العباسية

Tracing descent from the Prophet's uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (RA), the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads and established their cosmopolitan Round City of Baghdad in 762 CE. Under Harun al-Rashid and Al-Ma'mun, the Abbasid Caliphate presided over the Islamic Golden Age. The House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikmah) translated and expanded ancient philosophical, medical, and mathematical texts. Following the catastrophic Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258 CE, the Caliphate continued its spiritual lineage in Cairo under Mamluk auspices until Sultan Selim I in 1517 CE.