الدولة الأموية

Founded by Muawiyah I following the Treaty of Sulh al-Hasan in 41 AH, the Umayyad dynasty made Damascus the grand seat of a vast world empire. Under visionary rulers like Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan and Al-Walid I, the empire established Arabic as the administrative lingua franca, minted the first purely Islamic gold coinage, commissioned the architectural wonder of the Dome of the Rock and the Great Umayyad Mosque, and expanded into Iberia (Al-Andalus) and the Indus Valley. The reign of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (Umar II) stands out as a luminous resurgence of Rashidun piety and comprehensive socio-economic justice.