الدولة العثمانية والخلافة العلية

Founded by Osman I in northwestern Anatolia, the Ottoman Empire grew into one of history's longest-lasting and most formidable world powers. In 1453 CE, at age 21, Sultan Mehmed II (Al-Fatih) fulfilled the Prophetic prophecy by conquering Constantinople, establishing Istanbul as the imperial capital. In 1517 CE, Sultan Selim I defeated the Mamluks, acquired the Sacred Relics, assumed the title of Caliph and Khadim al-Haramayn, and transferred the seat of the Caliphate to Istanbul. Under Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman law, architecture (Mimar Sinan), and naval mastery (Barbarossa) reached their zenith. In its twilight, Sultan Abdul Hamid II championed Pan-Islamic unity, constructed the debt-free Hijaz Railway, and resolutely safeguarded Palestine until the Caliphate's abolition on 3 March 1924.