Al-Ashraf Khalil

Al-Ashraf Khalil ibn Qalawun (رحمه الله) was the Mamluk Sultan who brought the final, decisive closure to the Crusades in the Levant. Following his father Sultan Qalawun's death, Khalil fulfilled his oath to liberate Acre—the last major Crusader stronghold and capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Assembling ninety-two massive catapults (including the terrifying trebuchet *Al-Mansuri*), his army bombarded the massive stone towers day and night. On 18 May 1291, Mamluk assault battalions stormed through the breach. The fall of Acre triggered the immediate abandonment of Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, and Tartus, permanently wiping out Crusader presence from the Levant.