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تاريخ الإسلام والأنبياء والصحابة
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تاريخ الإسلام والأنبياء والصحابة
معركة جالديران الخالدة
60,000–80,000 Ottoman Janissaries, Sipahi cavalry, and 200 artillery pieces — Ottomans deployed chained artillery and Janissary matchlock firearms (Tüfek).
2,000–3,000 casualties
40,000 elite Qizilbash horsemen
Over 5,000–10,000 Qizilbash cavalry slain; Shah Ismail wounded and fled
Shah Ismail relied exclusively on the ferocious cavalry charges of his Qizilbash, disdainful of gunpowder firearms. Sultan Selim deployed the wagon fortress (Tabur Cengi) chaining 200 field cannons together with Janissaries behind them. When the Qizilbash charged, the cannon grape-shot and coordinated volley fire devastated their ranks, wounding Shah Ismail and driving his army into flight.
Deploying 200 chained cannons in front of the Janissary matchlock infantry.
Devastating volley fire and canister shot shattered the Safavid elite charges.
Selim I took Tabriz, securing eastern frontiers and turning his attention southward.
Halted Safavid expansion westward, protected the Sunni heartlands of Anatolia, and paved the way for Sultan Selim's subsequent unification of the Arab lands and the Caliphate.
Contemporary chronicle documenting the international impact of the Battle of Chaldiran.
فتح القسطنطينية المجيد (فتح الفتوح العثماني)
Broke the supposedly impregnable 1,100-year Theodosian Walls; ended the Byzantine Roman Empire; transformed Constantinople into the imperial capital Istanbul.
معركة مرج دابق
Decisive Ottoman victory; ended Mamluk rule in Syria; opened the Levant and Jerusalem peacefully to Ottoman administration.
معركة الريدانية (انتقال الخلافة إلى إسطنبول)
Ended the Mamluk Sultanate; incorporated Egypt and the Hejaz; Sharif of Makkah surrendered the keys to the Ka'bah; Caliphate transferred to the Ottoman Sultans.