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تاريخ الإسلام والأنبياء والصحابة
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تاريخ الإسلام والأنبياء والصحابة
فتح بيت المقدس والعهدة العمرية
20,000 siege troops — Following Yarmouk, Jerusalem held out until Sophronius agreed to surrender only to the Caliph in person.
Minimal siege skirmish losses
Imperial Byzantine garrison and ecclesiastical administration
Zero (peaceful surrender)
Sophronius inspected prophecies and refused to hand the city to generals, asking for the Caliph whose description matched their scriptures. Umar traveled from Madinah wearing patched garments, alternating camel-riding turns with his servant. Umar refused to pray inside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre so Muslims would not convert it into a mosque, granting the timeless Al-Uhda al-Umariyyah.
Sophronius requested that Amir al-Mu'minin receive the keys personally.
Umar arrived on foot as his servant rode the camel on their alternating shift.
Guaranteeing Christian life, churches, and property; Umar swept the dirt from the Rock with his cloak.
Restored Al-Masjid al-Aqsa as the Third Holy Sanctuary of Islam and established the golden model of religious freedom and protection for minorities.
سُبْحَانَ الَّذِي أَسْرَىٰ بِعَبْدِهِ لَيْلًا مِّنَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ الْأَقْصَى الَّذِي بَارَكْنَا حَوْلَهُ
“Exalted is He who took His Servant by night from al-Masjid al-Haram to al-Masjid al-Aqsa, whose surroundings We have blessed.”
Full text of the Covenant of Umar (Al-Uhda al-Umariyyah) guaranteeing peace and religious freedom.
معركة اليرموك الخالدة
One of the most decisive battles in military history; permanently liberated the entire Levant and Syria from Byzantine control.
معركة حطين الخالدة
Total destruction of the Crusader field army, directly leading to the peaceful liberation of Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader occupation.
معركة اليمامة (عقرباء / حديقة الموت)
Shattered the greatest false prophet rebellion; directly prompted Caliph Abu Bakr (RA) to compile the Holy Qur'an into a single Mushaf.