دولة المماليك

Comprising highly trained military knights of Kipchak Turkic and Circassian origin, the Mamluks governed Egypt and Syria with unyielding fortitude. Under Sultans Qutuz and Baybars, they achieved the immortal victory over the Mongol army at Ain Jalut (1260 CE), halting the Mongol conquest of the Mediterranean world. They subsequently expelled the remaining Crusader fortresses (including Acre in 1291 CE), installed the shadow Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo, and embellished Cairo with masterpieces of Mamluk stone architecture.